Saturday, December 11, 2021

National Park Power Rankings 2021

Well, we have come to the end of another year.

So now the time has come for our annual National Park Rankings!

Tara and I visited three new national parks in 2021, all in Alaska: Wrangell-St. Elias, Kenai Fjords, and Denali. We have now been to a total of 54 National Parks! We also re-visited Grand Canyon this year (a brief stop on Thanksgiving Day). Will the Alaska parks do well in the rankings?

typical Fall scene in Denali along the park road...um, yeah...I think the Alaska Parks are going to do well in the rankings. πŸ˜€   

We adopted a new approach to our rankings this year. Certainly, all lists like these have some degree of subjectivity to them, but this year we decided to attempt a more objective, mathematical method to rank each park.

I gave a 1-10 score on five separate categories for each park, further described below: (1) Scenic; (2) Activities; (3) Re-visitability; (4) Accessibility; and (5) Wildlife. The five categories are not weighted evenly. 

(1) Scenic - visual scenery; scenic beauty; what's the "wow" factor when gazing at the park? etc. Low scores are for rather unremarkable scenery, while high scores are for jaw-droppingly amazing scenery. All of our National Parks are places of great natural beauty and I appreciate all of the parks and the diverse scenery, but let's face it, the scenic beauty of Zion or Yellowstone is going to score more than say...Hot Springs (no offense to Arkansas) πŸ˜„πŸ˜‰ I feel that scenic beauty is a major reason why people visit the national parks, so this category is afforded the most weight - 40%

(2) Activities - opportunities for hikes, guided tours, other activities such as camping, flight tours, boating, backpacking, kayaking, spelunking, horseback riding, etc. I'm also including quality of visitor centers and museums, etc. in this category. Outdoor activities are another major reason why people visit the national parks, so this category also is given a lot of weight - 30%

(3) Re-visitability - this category covers the amount of things to do in a park and the desire to return to the park to re-experience what it has to offer. For example, can you pretty much cover everything to do in a relatively short visit? If so, it will get a lower score. If not, it will get a higher score. This category has a 20% weight.

(4) Accessibility - this category covers factors such as how easy to get to/visit as a family? Close to major towns/roads? Activites for the average tourist? Cost of visiting? etc. If easy to access then it gets a higher score, if hard to visit, it gets a lower score. However, crowds are also a factor in this category. Recently, high visitation and crowds have introduced a number of permits and timed entry for key parts of certain parks. Issues with crowds will lower a score for a park. This category is weighted 5%.

(5) Wildlife - opportunities to see wildlife on an average visit. Diversity and abundance of wildlife that you will see. Wildlife viewing is not guaranteed, but you will have more success at some parks over others. This category is also weighted at 5%.

I then added up my scores in each category to give a total score for the park (out of 10). Tara also individually scored each park by the same method. We then took the average of my score and Tara's score to come up with a final score. There were a number of ties. In the event of a tie, the park with the highest score given individually by either me or Tara won the tiebreaker.

We mostly based our scores on our individual experience in each park, but we did our best to consider all activities offered in each park (even activities we did not ourselves experience, etc.)

So, without further adieu, here is our ranking of the 54 National Parks we have visited:

1. Denali (Alaska) - 9.525
Mighty Denali from the air. It's impossible to take a bad picture in Denali.πŸ˜€Perhaps there is some recency bias here, but Denali was absolutely spectacular! Denali scored very high (10/10) in all categories except accessibility (it's expensive to visit, and way up north, and most of the park road is closed to private vehicles, but with all that said, Denali is one of the more accessible parks in Alaska). The scenery is amazing, especially during our visit in early September, we caught the brief window of vibrant and explosive fall colors. Also, top notch activites (drop the cash to take the scenic flight through Talkeetna Air. It flies around Denali and lands on Ruth Glacier - a life changing experience), river rafting, see the sled dog demonstration, take a tour bus. We saw lots of moose, caribou, and grizzly bears. A simply incredible National Park!

2. Yellowstone (Wyoming) - 9.475
Our first tie comes between Yellowstone and Yosemite. Yellowstone breaks the tie thanks to the near perfect score that Tara awarded it (9.9). And, frankly, Yellowstone deserves to be in this spot. The granddaddy of the National Park System is an incredible place of stunning scenery, unique geothermal features, fun activities, tons to do, crowds aren't *too* bad, and lots and lots of wildlife to see.

3. Yosemite (California) - 9.475
Yosemite contains two of the most fantastic viewpoints in the NPS: Glacier Point (shown above) and Tunnel View. Yosemite Valley, Half-Dome, El Capitan, etc. offer unparalleled scenery in this crown jewel of our National Park System.

4. Glacier (Montana) - 9.35
We have another tie between Glacier and Zion...but Glacier gets the bump thanks to Tara's superior individual score for the park (9.55). Going to the Sun road is a once-in-a-lifetime drive that is a must-do (they are now doing a timed-entry for the road), tons of hikes. Crowds have definitely affected this park recently...it has become incredibly popular. And the glaciers are quickly dwindling...so make sure to visit soon! 

5. Zion (Utah) - 9.35
Zion contains two of the best, most adventurous hikes in the entire NPS: Angels Landing and the Narrows. Zion has long been at the top of the heap of my rankings, but Zion scored low on accessibility: we have been loving this park to death. The huge amount of visitors in recent years, and almost all of them converging on Zion Canyon, have put an incredible strain on park resources. You'll have to plan ahead to visit in order to ensure tickets on the Zion shuttle and they just recently introduced a lottery system to hike Angels Landing. Don't let this deter you! This park is absolutely worth a visit. Must be seen in person to truly appreciate.

6. Mt. Rainier (Washington) - 8.95
Skyline Loop Trail was one of our favorite hikes we have done. Mt. Rainier serves as a fantastic centerpiece to this amazing park.

7. Wrangell-St. Elias (Alaska) - 8.825
The Glacier Adventure day tour through Wrangell Mountain Air was one of the most exhilarating and fun things we have done in our National Parks. Incredible flight into the park, explore the mine, strap on the crampons and hike on Root Glacier. It was quite the experience!

8. Kenai Fjords (Alaska) - 8.725
Alaska is an embarrassment of natural beauty and riches. Getting up close and personal with a glacier via a boat tour with Major Marine Tours out of Seward was a breathtaking experience. We also saw tons of wildlife (including humpback whales) on the trip. Well worth it.

9. Acadia (Maine) - 8.675
Acadia is a treasure-trove of activities: boat tour of Cranberry Islands, sunset cruise on a three-masted schooner, the adventurous and precarious hike of Beehive Mountain, sunrise from Cadillac Mountain, tea and scones at Jordan Pond House. Come experience the best of New England at Acadia.

10. Rocky Mountains (Colorado) - 8.5
Trail Ridge Road and Bear Lake are highlights of this incredible alpine park.

11. Olympic (Washington) - 8.45
From the lush Hoh Rainforest, to windswept rocky beaches full of gnarled seastacks, to a myriad of waterfalls, and high alpine views at Hurricane Ridge - Olympic might be one of the most diverse parks in the entire NPS.

12. Grand Teton (Wyoming) - 8.425
The jagged peaks and towering vistas of the Tetons make for an incredible park.

13. Grand Canyon (Arizona) - 8.35
Grand Canyon is one of the seven natural wonders of the world...and for good reason.

14. Great Smoky Mountains (Tennessee/North Carolina) - 7.975
The Great Smokies scored big on the activities category...there is tons to do here. And plenty of fun going on in nearby Pigeon Forge/Gatlinburg as well. We had a blast in the most popular National Park in the country (by number of visitors). However, the park is big enough and the infrastructure handles the crowds well (except that Cades Cove, pictured above, can get very crowded, make sure to visit that place early or on a car-free day so you can ride a bike along the road). 

15. Arches (Utah) - 7.975
I have to admit, I'm a little surprised by the low ranking for Arches. Arches is a playground of incredible vistas and hikes: Delicate Arch, Double Arch, Devils Garden, Fiery Furnace, Windows, list goes on. Crowds have become a problem here lately, so make sure to start your day early.

16. Redwood (California) - 7.7
Another diverse park with many things to see and do. Giant trees, tall trees, wander among the groves, watch the sunset on the shore, Fern Canyon (pictured above) is a must-visit. You also have a good chance to see lots of Roosevelt Elk at Prairie Creek Visitor Center.

17. Voyageurs (Minnesota) - 7.45
Make sure to do the free Canoe Program at the Visitor Center to learn about the Voyageurs and paddle on Lake Kabetogama. Also take the boat tours to experience this park from the water and visit the Kettle Falls Hotel (which is not accessible by road).

18. North Cascades (Washington) - 7.45
Stunning views at Lake Diablo. You really need to backpack into the wilderness to truly explore and experience this park, for there is not much off the main road to experience here. So, North Cascades scored low on the accessibility category...of course, for some that might be a main draw to this park.

19. Canyonlands (Utah) - 7.375
Once again, another park that is not very accessible for a quick visit (you really got to get out in the backcountry to explore). However, Canyonlands is very rewarding. We can't wait to go back and explore more of the Needles area.

20. Carlsbad Caverns (New Mexico) - 7.25
Hiking from the Natural Entrance down to the Big Room of Carlsbad Caverns is one of the most incredible experiences we have done in our National Parks. Carlsbad will spoil you on caves, no other cave has come close to matching the spectacular formations and cavernous chambers of Carlsbad. Make sure to visit the Ranger program at night to see the bats fly out of the cave entrance.

21. Shenandoah (Virginia) - 7.2
Explore the forested mountains of the Appalachians and numerous waterfalls at this Park just a few hours west of Washington DC.

22. Bryce Canyon (Utah) - 7.1
See the spectacular and somewhat spooky hoodoos at Bryce Canyon in southern Utah. 

23. Big Bend (Texas) - 6.975
My favorite desert park is full of unique and exciting activities: hike Santa Elena Canyon, boat trip down the Rio Grande, swim in the natural hot springs along the river, take the international ferry (a rowboat) into Mexico for goat tamales. An electic and engaging National Park.

24. Crater Lake (Oregon) - 6.925
The spectacularly-blue waters of Crater Lake will take your breath away.

25. Dry Tortugas (Florida) - 6.9
The boat ride out to Fort Jefferson was a once-in-a-lifetime experience.

26. Mesa Verde (Colorado) - 6.85
The guided tours available at Mesa Verde are very good (especially Cliff Palace, pictured above, and the spine-tingling Balcony House, which includes a climb up a 30-foot ladder).

27. Everglades (Florida) - 6.65
Caution: you will see alligators! πŸ˜€ When it comes to chances to see unique wildlife, and lots of it ... Everglades is unmatched.

28. Kings Canyon (California) - 6.625
Kings Canyon is divided into 2 sections, the small section near Sequoia that contains the General Grant tree (pictured above), and the large section that contains the eponymous Canyon.

29. Great Basin (Nevada) - 6.625
Enjoy incredible isolation at this remote park in eastern Nevada. Explore Bristlecone Pine groves, alpine lakes, Rock Glacier (pictured above) and fabulous night skies for stargazing at this park.

30. Theodore Roosevelt (North Dakota) - 6.575
A rugged, untamed park named for the rather rugged, untamed President. πŸ˜€

31. Sequoia (California) - 6.525
Giant, towering, spectacular trees await you at Sequoia National Park.

32. Glacier Bay (Alaska) - 6.5
Margerie Glacier at Glacier Bay was a highlight of our Alaskan cruise a few years ago. Glacier Bay accessiblity score was a little low...a cruise ship is probably your best way to visit, but unfortunately, it does not dock anywhere in the park, but it does provide ample amount of time to take in the scenery as you cruise through the bay.

33. Isle Royale (Michigan) - 6.5
The ferry from Grand Portage out to the island was absolutely a highlight in our quest to visit all the National Parks, and we cannot wait to return and explore more of Isle Royale...but this is a tough place to get out to. It requires lots of planning and preparation to visit, but well worth it.

34. Capitol Reef (Utah) - 6.45
I feel like we have ranked Capitol Reef (Utah's "best kept secret") a little low...but maybe that's a good thing. The other Utah parks get a ton of attention, and maybe it's best that the red rocks and canyons of this alien landscape stay under the radar. πŸ˜€πŸ˜†

35. Channel Islands (California) - 6.425
The boat tour (and the wildlife we spotted, including 3 humpback whales) was a highlight of our visit to these islands off the coast of California.

36. Lassen Volcanic (California) - 6.4
California's version of Yellowstone makes for a great visit.

37. Joshua Tree (California) - 6.4
This unique desert landscape not far from Los Angeles is a real treat.

38. Pinnacles (California) - 6.3
This high desert/mountain landscape in central California is an underrated and overlooked gem. We were lucky and saw lots of condors close up as we hiked through the park.

39. Cuyahoga Valley (Ohio) - 6.15
There are two very entertaining trails in this "urban" park - Ledges (pictured above) and Brandywine Falls. Biking down the Towpath Trail was also a highlight in this surprisingly beautiful park.

40. Guadalupe Mountains (Texas) - 5.85
There's plenty to explore in this desert park in West Texas.

41. Indiana Dunes (Indiana) - 5.775
Indiana Dunes gets a bad rap for being "undeserving" of National Park status...but I strongly disagree. Admittedly, we weren't expecting much when we visited, but we had a great time exploring these unique dunes along Lake Michigan. Lots of fun, short trails, and it was really fun to swim in the Lake at West Beach. Also, the 3-Dune Challenge hike at the nearby State Park is a lot of fun (and surprisingly hard)! 

42. White Sands (New Mexico) - 5.45
The stark-white dunes provide a unique and unforgettable vista.

43. Biscayne (Florida) - 5.45
Life's a party at this park just off the coast of Miami.

44. Death Valley (California) - 5.2
I know...I know...I'm sure many will be surprised (or maybe even offended) that this iconic park is getting such a low ranking here. Tara's individual score boosted the average score for this park a little bit...but I scored it rather low, I don't know, Death Valley doesn't do much for me. It is certainly a unique landscape, but when it comes to desert parks, I prefer Big Bend or Joshua Tree, Death Valley is a little too bleak for me when it comes to scenery and activities 😁...perhaps I need to revisit. My assessment might be too unfair to this park.

45. Mammoth Cave (Kentucky) - 5.125
Mammoth Cave is the largest cave in the USA, but it's a little lacking in formations inside the cave itself (at least, compared to Carlsbad). Make sure to take a tour of the Frozen Niagara section to see the best the cave has to offer in terms of formations.

46. Badlands (South Dakota) - 5.1
This alien landscape provides a memorable experience.

47. Saguaro (Arizona) - 5.075
Walking alongside these giant cacti is a cool experience.

48. Petrified Forest (Arizona) - 4.925
A unique and memorable experience, but you can easily experience everything this park has to offer in a half-day/full-day trip (that boosted its accessibility score, but hurt its re-visitability score).

49. Black Canyon of the Gunnison (Colorado) - 4.85
I'm not sure how this park got so low. The scenery is incredible, but activities are rather limited (unless you want to undertake the arduous adventure to the bottom of the canyon), and like Petrified Forest, you can pretty much cover everything this Park has to offer in one day; that likely hurt its score in both activities and re-visitability categories.

50. Great Sand Dunes (Colorado) - 4.6
Another surprise that this park is ranked so low. I probably scored it a little too low in retrospect. The main activity here is sand-sledding, which was not my cup of tea. (Plus, I was terrible at it...😜) 

51. Hot Springs (Arkansas) - 4.5
Taking a traditional bath at Hot Springs is certainly one of the most unique experiences one can have in our National Parks ... but it's not an experience I'm looking forward to doing again any time soon. πŸ˜†

52. Wind Cave (South Dakota) - 4.2
I feel bad that Wind Cave ends up at (or near) the bottom of my rankings every year...but, the cave is rather unremarkable scenery-wise. The box work formation is very unique to Wind Cave...but it doesn't do much for me. Thankfully, the above ground scenery is really neat, and it is close to the Black Hills, home to lots of other great destinations.

53. Gateway Arch (Missouri) - 3.6
Gateway Arch has certainly been a "controversial" decision to re-designate as a National Park...but not all of our National Parks focus on natural scenery (Mesa Verde anyone?). The Arch is incredible to see and is truly an architectural marvel, and the visitor center/museum is fantastic and taking the elevator to the top of the arch is a lot of fun ... but yeah, I can understand why some might think this place is not deserving of National Park status. 

54. Congaree (South Carolina) - 3.05
I love all of our National Parks...but one of the parks had to be at the bottom of the rankings. Congaree is beautiful in its own way (again it's certainly unique, and it's important that this type of environment, one of the last intact old growth bottomland hardwood forests, is protected), but outside of the Boardwalk Trail, there's not a whole lot to do here. I must admit that this is a place we would not have visited but for the goal of going to all 63 National Parks. Still, we had a pleasant time on our visit, and we are glad we went.

Alright, that's it! This goal of ours to visit every National Park has been such an enriching and wonderful adventure. Thanks for reading our blog, and we hope it has assisted you in planning your travels. Tara and I wish you a Merry Christmas and here's hoping we all have a great 2022! Happy Travels! 

Sunday, November 14, 2021

Antietam National Battlefield

 
Visited: Sept 2019
Nearby town: Sharpsburg, MD; Frederick, MD

"In the time that I am writing, every stalk of corn in the northern and greater part of the field was cut as closely as could have been done with a knife, and the slain lay in rows precisely as they had stood in their ranks a few moments before. It was never my fortune to witness a more bloody, dismal battlefield."
-Union Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker

September 17, 1862 - the single most bloodiest day in United States history.

On that day, the gentle, rolling hills and serene meadows of Western Maryland witnessed a tremendous and terrible battle.

The Civil War had been raging for nearly 18 months. By the end of the summer of 1862, the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia again repelled the Union Army at the Second Battle of Bull Run. In addition, Union General McClellan's planned invasion of Richmond, the Peninsular Campaign, stalled and sputtered. After suffering heavy losses, the Union abandoned the invasion and withdrew.

These victories emboldened Confederate General Robert E. Lee. He decided to make a daring move. He decided to invade Union territory by advancing his army into Maryland. Lee predicted that moving the action north would relieve war-torn farms in Virginia, and enable him to re-supply his own army. Lee also thought that Maryland would be a good place to initiate an invasion because Maryland was a slave state and many of its citizens were sympathetic to the Confederate cause. Lee thought there was an outside chance that Maryland might welcome his army or even secede from the Union and join the Confederacy. Furthermore, Lee hoped that military victories on Union soil would destroy Northern morale as the midterm elections approached; convince Northern leaders to abandon their goal of reuniting the nation and broker for peace; and encourage foreign powers, particularly Britain and France, to officially recognize the Confederate government.

Lee began to move his army north and into Maryland in early September 1862.

The Union Army of the Potomac took notice of Lee's movements to the north. They figured that the Confederates planned to attack Union soil. On September 7, the Army of the Potomac, led by George B. McClellan, marched north of Washington DC into Maryland, parallel to Lee's army, with orders to pursue Lee and cut off any attack. McClellan's forces were huge, numbering approximately 102,000 men, including six infantry corps, led by Joseph Hooker, Edwin Sumner, Fitz John Porter, William B. Franklin, Ambrose E. Burnside, and Joseph K. Mansfield, respectively. McClellan's pursuit of Lee was slow and cautious. McClellan's overly cautious approach had led to the failure of the Peninsular Campaign; however, Lincoln respected McClellan's organizational skills, training abilities, and knew that McClellan enjoyed fierce loyalty among his troops. Therefore, even though the Cabinet insisted that McClellan was unfit for command, Lincoln retained McClellan as head general of the Army of the Potomac despite his previous failures. 

Lee's plan involved a risky maneuver. Lee decided to split his 55,000-strong force into two. One contingency, led by Stonewall Jackson, would attack the federal arsenal at Harper's Ferry, and then the other, led by Lee himself and James Longstreet, would simultaneously attack the city of Hagerstown and cut off the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, which provided crucial supply to Washington DC. 

These plans - known as Special Order 191 - were distributed to the Confederate officers. A copy of these orders became lost somewhere in transit. On September 13, a Union Corporal, Barton Mitchell, just happened to discover this copy lying in the grass at a campground recently vacated by Confederate troops, wrapped around three cigars. McClellan could not believe his luck. He now knew the detailed plans of Lee, and more importantly, he knew that Lee was splitting his forces into two, thus subjecting each cohort to isolation and defeat if McClellan acted quickly. Incredibly, despite this knowledge, McClellan waited nearly an entire day before positioning his troops to intercept Lee's splintered army.

In a somewhat ironic twist, Confederate spies alerted Lee that McClellan was moving quickly - or, at least, quickly for McClellan. Too quickly. McClellan's "aggressive" action was so out of character, Lee surmised that something was amiss. Lee suspected that, somehow, McClellan had caught wind of the Special Order. Lee took action to mitigate this potentially disastrous scenario. Lee was able to concentrate most of his forces at the village of Sharpsburg, on the western bank of the Antietam River.          

The Union army arrived at the eastern bank of the Antietam River on the evening of September 15. If McClellan had attacked at that moment, his forces would likely have overwhelmed the vastly outnumbered Confederate army. However, due to McClellan's overly cautious nature, he wrongly assumed Lee's troops were much more numerous then they actually were, and instead bunkered down. McClellan would not attack for another day-and-a-half, thereby allowing Jackson's troops to arrive and reinforce Lee's army. The extra time also allowed Lee to fortify a position at Dunker Church. Lee placed main artillery and cannon in the field next to the Church.
Dunker Church

 

The battle commenced on the early morning of September 17. Union Gen. Hooker led the initial assault. His troops attacked from the north on the Confederate's left flank, with plans to pierce the line and overrun the fortification at the Dunker Church. A cornfield provided cover as Hooker's troops approached. However, once the troops emerged from the cornfield, they were met with a terrible and terrific volley from Jackson's division, positioned at the Church. For the next four hours, the cornfield changed hands again and again as both sides attacked and counterattacked. The carnage was brutal, one Lousiana Brigade suffered 60% casualties in 30 minutes. Losses were incredibly heavy, thousands of troops on both sides lay in the cornfield, dead and dying. 
the hallowed grounds of the Cornfield




After this bloody and brutal seesaw in the cornfield, the Union army was finally able to push through and occupy the grounds near the Dunker Church at approximately 10:00 in the morning.

Among the Union troops was a brave nurse known as the "angel of the battlefield". Arriving at the cornfield at noon, she did her best to comfort and aid the wounded. The nurse risked her own life doing this work, for as she offered this assistance, bullets still whizzed in the air and artillery boomed in the distance. She later recounted:

"A man lying on the ground asked for a drink - I stooped to give it, and having raised him with my right hand, was holding the cup to his lips with my left, when I felt a sudden twitch of the loose sleeve of my dress - the poor fellow sprang from my hands and fell back quivering in the agonies of death - a ball had passed between my body - and the right arm which supported him - cutting through the sleeve, and passing through his chest from shoulder to shoulder. There was no more to be done for him and I left him to rest. I have never mended that hole in my sleeve."

This nurse was, of course, Clara Barton, who would later found the American Red Cross.


the New York Monument


By midday, the action had shifted to the center of the Confederate line. South of the Dunker Church, the Confederate line ran along a "sunken" road. The Confederates along this road, led by Maj. Gen. D.H. Hill, held strong against the Union assault for over three hours. Eventually, after heavy losses, the Union army was able to take the road. However, the troops were so exhausted after taking the road, and the scene so chaotic, that no further assault was taken. Ultimately, neither side gained a decisive advantage. This sunken road was the scene of perhaps the bloodiest and costliest fighting in the entire war. Over 5,500 soliders were killed or wounded in three hours of battle in this spot alone. For years afterwards, veterans referred to the sunken road as "Bloody Lane."


Bloody Lane

The action then shifted to the southern end of the battlefield. Union Maj. Gen. Burnside was tasked to cross the Antietam River at the Rohrbach's Bridge and take the high ground on the bluffs on the western side of the river. The Confederate troops occupied these bluffs, but the forces there had been depleted as Lee redeployed the troops to the left flank at the cornfield and at the sunken road. By 10:00 am, only 3,000 Confederate soldiers, led by Brig. Gen. David Jones, were left to meet Burnside's troops at the river. Although vastly outnumbered, Jones occupied the high ground, and Burnside's troops were exposed along the river bank as they tried to cross the bridge. Burnside tried to cross the bridge, but was repeatedly repelled by Confederate fire and was forced to fall back after suffering heavy losses. Finally, on the third attempt, Burnside was able to advance across the bridge and push back Lee's right flank. Despite successfully taking the bridge, Burnside had been held up by Jones's men for nearly three hours and had taken heavy losses. Once again, the battle was effectively a stalemate. The bridge is now known as Burnside's Bridge.

Burnside Bridge


The battle ended at approximately 5:30 p.m. The Union had suffered 12,410 casualties with 2,108 dead. The Confederates had suffered 10,316 casualties with 1,547 dead. A staggering total of 22,726 casualties in a single day. An additional 1,910 Union soldiers and 1,550 Confederate soldiers died of their wounds shortly after the battle. More Americans died in battle on September 17, 1862, than on any other day in the nation's history.

The Union referred to the battle as Antietam (after the river), and the Confederates referred to the battle as Sharpsburg (after the village).  

Facing these incredible losses, Lee decided to withdraw his forces across the Potomac and retreat back into Virginia on the evening of September 18. Although the Union suffered more losses than the Confederates, the Confederates were driven from the field of battle and decided to end their planned invasion. As Lee retreated, McClellan elected not to pursue Lee across the Potomac and deliver a potentially crippling blow to the Army of Northern Virginia, despite repeated entreaties from President Lincoln. Eventually, Lincoln had enough of McClellan's overcautiousness. The battle had concluded in a draw, but it could have been a decisive victory if McClellan had simply been more aggressive. On November 5, Lincoln relieved McClellan of command. Lincoln replaced McClellan with Ambrose Burnside. 

Although the battle was tactically inconclusive, historians generally agree that Antietam was a strategic victory for the Union. The Confederates had withdrawn first and abandoned their planned invasion of the North. That was enough of a victory to persuade Lincoln to issue the Emancipation Proclamation, freeing the slaves in Confederate-controlled territory, and transformed the purpose of the war to not only perserving the Union, but also abolishing slavery. With emancipation being a stated goal of the Union campaign, Britain and France - countries that disliked slavery and had abolished slavery years earlier - decided not to officially recognize the Confederate government.  

Antietam National Battlefield was established to commerate the site in 1890. Be sure to visit the Museum, Visitor's Center, the cemetary, and take the auto-tour around the battlefield. Every American should visit these hallowed grounds.